1 Quinarius - Imitating an Uncertain Ruler

Germanic imitations of late Roman gold coinage occupy a murky corner of numismatics — attribution is often impossible, and the Arslan corpus itself leaves significant gaps. These pieces were struck by tribal groups operating along the Rhine and Danube frontiers during a period of intense Roman military pressure and subsidy payments, the latter flooding barbarian territories with imperial gold that craftsmen then copied with varying fidelity. The originals being imitated span several emperors of the tetrarchic and Constantinian periods, which is precisely why "uncertain ruler" is the honest answer here.