1 Quattrino - Innocent X Bononia docet

Innocent X — born Giambattista Pamphilj — was elected in 1644 and immediately found himself navigating the wreckage of the Thirty Years' War and a running feud with the Barberini nephews of his predecessor. Bologna, as a legation of the Papal States rather than a directly governed city, retained the right to strike its own civic coinage under papal authority, which explains the "Bononia docet" civic formula persisting on issues well into the seventeenth century. The phrase — "Bologna teaches" — was a pointed assertion of the city's identity as home to Europe's oldest university.