1 Penning - Philip II Garden

Holland's copper penning issues of the 1570s were struck against the backdrop of the early Revolt against Spanish Habsburg rule — Philip II's administration in the Low Countries was simultaneously trying to suppress open rebellion and maintain functional local coinage. The "Garden" penning takes its informal name from the enclosed garden device used on the type, a common heraldic shorthand in the period. These were workhorse pieces, produced across multiple years and die combinations, which accounts for the a/b variant designation in the Gietman-Hengst reference.

The 1576 Pacification of Ghent briefly unified rebel and loyalist provinces, complicating attribution of coins struck in this window to either "Spanish" or "rebel" Holland.