1 Parpagliola - Charles Emmanuel I

Charles Emmanuel I came to power in 1580 inheriting a duchy financially strained by decades of French occupation and costly reconsolidation. The parpagliola — a small billon denomination rooted in the fractional coinage traditions of northern Italy — served the working population of Piedmont and Savoy during a period when the duke was aggressively reasserting territorial authority, including his 1588 seizure of the marquisate of Saluzzo. The MIR 668 attribution places this issue within a tight four-year window before that campaign redirected ducal resources entirely toward military expenditure.