1 Mun;1 dot Tong Ho;heaven

The "heaven" designation (天, *cheon*) identifies this piece's casting location within the Joseon rotational mint system, under which the Board of Works and various military bureaus cycled production rights to prevent any single institution from monopolizing coin output. The Tong Ho furnace designation narrows it further to a specific casting series within that bureaucratic rotation — details that the KM reference alone obscures. By 1832, the *mun* coinage had been circulating for over 150 years largely unchanged, a monetary conservatism that itself reflects Joseon's deep institutional resistance to economic reform throughout the late Chosŏn period.