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11/8 Masaka - Paramarddi Chandellas of Bundelkhand
| Issuer | Chandellas of Bundelkhand |
|---|---|
| Year | 1165-1200 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Highly stylized and abstract representation of the goddess Lakshmi seated facing in cross-legged position, rendered in the debased schematic manner characteristic of late Chandella coinage. The figure is composed of a series of concentric circular bosses and curvilinear relief elements distributed across the field, conveying the principal deity in a severely abstracted form derived from earlier, more naturalistic Rajput prototypes. Decorative pellets and arc-shaped devices occupy the surrounding field. The flan is irregular and slightly ragged at the edges, consistent with hand-hammered production. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse lettering | श्री परमार्दि देव (Translation: Sri Paramarddi Deva) |
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| Additional information |
Paramarddi Deva ruled the Chandella kingdom through one of its most turbulent periods — his reign ended in 1203 when Qutb ud-Din Aibak's forces sacked Kalinjar, the dynasty's great hill fortress, effectively ending Chandella political power in Bundelkhand. These fractional gold issues circulated during the last decades before that collapse, when the kingdom was already absorbing pressure from the Ghurid advance across northern India.
The 11/8 masaka denomination reflects the Chandella adaptation of the ancient pana weight system, struck in fractions that suggest active small-denomination commercial use rather than purely ceremonial or tributary function.