1 Liard - Albert and Isabella Luxembourg City

Albert and Isabella governed the Spanish Netherlands as co-sovereigns under a peculiar arrangement negotiated in 1598, when Philip II transferred the provinces to his daughter Isabella and her husband as an ostensibly independent archduchy — though the territory reverted to Spain on their deaths without surviving heirs, which is exactly what happened when Albert died in 1621. Luxembourg's minting activity under their joint rule was modest and geographically peripheral to the main production centers at Bruges and Antwerp. The liard denominations struck at Luxembourg City are consequently scarcer than their Brabantine counterparts.