11/2 Kupang - South Sumatra

Srivijaya's gold kupang issues remain among the least-documented coinage of the medieval maritime world, a direct consequence of the empire's administrative reliance on perishable materials — palm-leaf manuscripts, trade ledgers written in ink — rather than stone inscriptions that might have preserved mint records. The empire controlled the Strait of Malacca at its peak, and these small gold pieces circulated across a trade network reaching coastal India, Tang and Song dynasty China, and the Malay peninsula.

Attribution to Srivijaya itself is contested in the literature; some scholars assign comparable fractional gold pieces to tributary ports rather than a central issuing authority at Palembang.