1 Kopeck - Peter I МДЗ

These early copper kopecks were struck at the Moscow Mint (Moskovsky Dvor) during Peter I's sweeping monetary reform, which abolished the tiny hand-struck wire kopeck — the "fish scale" money Russia had used for nearly two centuries — in favor of milled round coinage on Western European standards. The transition was deeply unpopular among peasants who distrusted the new coins, and counterfeiting became an immediate problem serious enough to require repeated government decrees.

The МДЗ mintmark denotes the third Moscow Mint courtyard, one of several facilities pressed into service as Peter struggled to produce sufficient copper coinage for the expanded monetary system. Dies were often reused aggressively across the 1713–1716 window.