1 Kharub - Mahmud I date at top

Mahmud I ruled the Ottoman Empire from Constantinople while Tunisia operated under the Husainid beys, who retained practical autonomy despite nominal Ottoman suzerainty. Coins of this period were struck at the Tunis mint and reflect that ambiguity — Ottoman sultan's name present, but local bey authority doing the actual governing and issuing. The billon composition, a debased silver-copper alloy, was standard for small Tunisian fractional coinage throughout the eighteenth century as silver content in the kharub denomination steadily eroded.