1 Keping Sultana

The kepings of Sumatra occupy an unusual corner of numismatic history — they were not struck by any sultanate acting alone but emerged largely to serve the spice and pepper trade under the influence of the British East India Company, which encouraged local tin and copper coinage to fill a chronic small-change vacuum across the Malay archipelago. This particular piece dates to a moment when EIC commercial pressure on Sumatra was intensifying ahead of the formal treaties that would follow.

The Singh reference places it among a thinly documented series where attribution between issuing courts remains contested in the literature.