1 Heller - John Frederick I

John Frederick ruled Württemberg from 1608 until his death in 1628, a period bracketed by the confessional tensions that preceded and then ignited the Thirty Years' War. Small billon heller issues like this one were the workhorse currency of the southwestern German territories, subject to persistent debasement as war finances strained every mint in the region. The Kipper- und Wipperzeit monetary crisis of 1619–1622 saw unprecedented manipulation of small denomination coinage across the Empire, and Württemberg was not immune.