1 Groschen - Frederick Ulrich

Frederick Ulrich's reign over Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was a administrative and financial disaster almost from the start — he assumed power in 1613 under regency disputes and spent much of his tenure hemorrhaging ducal authority to factional nobles. The 1618–1619 date range on this issue coincides precisely with the opening of the Thirty Years' War, a conflict that would savage the Lower Saxon Circle and eventually force sweeping debasements across nearly every north German minting authority. Whether this groschen predates or follows the Defenestration of Prague by weeks is a matter of die study rather than catalog certainty.