1 Gani - Mahmud Shah

Historical Context: This 1 Gani copper issue, 1482-1485 CE, marks the early, tumultuous reign of Mahmud Shah Bahmani (r. 1482-1518). Ascending as a minor, Mahmud Shah became a figurehead, manipulated by powerful nobles like Qasim Barid I. This period saw accelerated decentralization and increasing provincial autonomy, foreshadowing the Sultanate's fragmentation. Copper coinage, often produced by various Deccan mints, reflects central weakening and served local transactional needs amid growing instability.

Artistry: Bahmani copper numismatics, including this 1 Gani, adheres to the aniconic tradition of Islamic coinage, prioritizing calligraphic design. Engraver signatures are virtually unknown. The stylistic school employs functional Naskh or Thuluth script, often executed with varying refinement due to the base metal and decentralized production. Legends typically convey the ruler's name and honorifics on the obverse, with the reverse bearing denomination, mint (if present), or religious invocations. Aesthetic emphasis lies solely on the legibility and arrangement of Arabic inscriptions.

Technical/Grading: For this copper 1 Gani, grading hinges on calligraphic preservation. High-points include completeness and sharpness of obverse/reverse legends, especially the ruler's name and any discernable mint/date, often weakly struck or off-center. A well-centered strike, rare for this type, enhances appeal. Planchet quality, often irregular, should be assessed; a smooth, even flan is desirable. Absence of significant wear on raised letterforms and minimal environmental damage, like heavy verdigris or corrosion, are critical for higher grades.