1 Farthing - Charles I Rose issue, mules of types 1 and 2 or 3

Charles I's royal farthing tokens were a licensing operation, not a royal mint product — private patentees paid the Crown for the right to produce them and pocketed the profit margin between production cost and face value. The Rose issues of the mid-1630s represent the third distinct patent iteration, and mules pairing Type 1 obverse dies with Type 2 or Type 3 reverses emerged as transitional production shifted between contractors. The brass wedge inserted into the copper flan — a crude anti-counterfeiting measure — was already failing in its purpose by this point; forgeries were endemic throughout the entire regal farthing programme.