1 Falus Russian occupation of Rasht, countermarked

In 1722, Peter the Great launched his Persian Campaign, seizing Rasht and the southern Caspian littoral from a Safavid dynasty already collapsing under Afghan pressure. Russian forces held Rasht until 1732, when the Treaty of Rasht — negotiated under Peter's successors — returned the city to Persia in exchange for a defensive alliance. This falus belongs to the occupation years: existing Safavid copper was countermarked rather than replaced, a practical solution when establishing a full mint infrastructure made no administrative sense for a temporary military hold.