1 Falus Possibly Qandahar mint, Siege coinage

Qandahar changed hands repeatedly between the Safavid and Mughal empires across the seventeenth century, and siege coinage from the region reflects those violent interruptions to normal mint operations. Emergency copper issues were struck when silver supplies were cut off or when a besieged garrison needed to pay troops and suppliers without access to imperial minting infrastructure. Attribution to Qandahar for pieces of this type remains tentative — the "possibly" in the attribution is doing real work here, as die analysis has yet to produce a definitive anchor.