1 Escudo - Ioana and Carolus I

Struck under the joint rule of Juana I of Castile and her son Charles I — simultaneously Holy Roman Emperor Charles V — this escudo type spans the period when Spain was absorbing the first massive influxes of New World silver, yet gold coinage of the Crown remained tightly controlled through Castilian mints at Seville, Toledo, Granada, and Burgos. Juana's name appears first on the coinage by legal right; she remained the nominal sovereign of Castile until her death in 1555, despite being kept in confinement at Tordesillas from 1509 onward.

Mint attribution is the critical variable across this series. Granada and Seville strikes differ in die workmanship and are catalogued separately under Cayon-Crusafont.