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1 Doppia - Ferdinando di Borbone
| Issuer | Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of |
|---|---|
| Year | 1786-1797 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | 7.141 g |
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|---|---|
| Obverse script | Latin |
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| Edge | Milled |
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| Additional information |
Ferdinando di Borbone ruled Parma as a Spanish Bourbon client duchy under heavy Habsburg influence through his Austrian wife, Maria Amalia, daughter of Maria Theresa. The tension between Spanish dynastic loyalty and Habsburg political pressure defined his entire reign — and accelerated dramatically after 1789, when revolutionary France began threatening the duchy's borders directly. By the mid-1790s, Parma was effectively caught between French military advance and Austrian diplomatic maneuvering, a position that made stable coinage both politically necessary and practically difficult.
French troops occupied Parma in 1796, extracting a two-million-franc indemnity. Gold issues from the final years of this range are correspondingly scarce in circulation grades.