1 Dirham - Muzaffar Kiya Citing Ahmad b. 'Ali and Nasr b. 'Ali

The Qarakhanid practice of citing multiple names on a single dirham reflects the confederation's fractured authority structure — khans ruling as co-sovereigns would acknowledge both a senior and junior ruler on coinage, sometimes alongside an Abbasid caliph, as a calculated declaration of legitimacy rather than subservience. By 1005, the dynasty had recently consolidated control over Transoxiana following the collapse of Samanid power, and the mint output from this transitional period documents the precise hierarchy of competing claimants in ways that no written chronicle quite matches.