1 Dirham - Muhammad b. 'Amr Citing 'Amr b. al-Layth

The Saffarids were a dynasty of distinctly non-aristocratic origin — Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the founder, had been a coppersmith before carving out an empire across Khurasan and Sistan by force of arms. By 885, the dynasty was in its second generation of political turbulence: 'Amr ibn al-Layth had seized power from his nephew Muhammad, yet this dirham cites both men, capturing a moment of contested legitimacy frozen in silver. The citation formula on Saffarid dirhams served as a direct instrument of political negotiation with the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad.