1 Dinar - Abu Hammu Musa III Tilimsan

Abu Hammu Musa III ruled Tlemcen during one of the most turbulent decades in North African history, caught between the expanding Ottoman Empire pressing from the east and the Spanish Habsburgs holding Oran — seized in 1509 — less than fifty kilometers away. His reign was effectively a sustained negotiation with encirclement. The Zayyanid sultans of this period issued gold coinage less as a functioning monetary instrument than as a declaration of continuing sovereignty at a moment when that sovereignty was genuinely in question.

The Zayyanid dynasty would fall definitively to the Ottomans in 1554, but Abu Hammu Musa III did not survive to see it.