1 Denarius - Imitating Julia Domna, 193-211, or Julia Maesa, 218-224

Barbarian imitations of Severan-era denarii circulated widely beyond the Rhine and Danube frontiers, where Roman silver was valued for its metal content rather than any official authority. The Germanic tribes producing these pieces had no minting infrastructure in the Roman sense — dies were cut by hand from observation of circulating coins, which is why prototypes were often Severan empress issues, the most abundant silver in frontier commerce during the third century.

Julia Domna and Julia Maesa denarii remained in active circulation decades after their official production ended, meaning the imitators were often copying already-worn coins.