1 Denarius circle and X, circle and X

The so-called "Taman denarii" are among the most debated coinages in late antique numismatics. Attributed to Gothic groups operating around the Taman Peninsula — the ancient Sindian and later Bosporan territory at the eastern end of the Crimea — their precise issuing authority remains contested. Some scholars assign them to Gothic federates drawing on degraded Roman monetary conventions; others see them as local imitations circulating in the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Bosporan Kingdom in the later third century.

The copper fabric and the broad date range reflect genuine uncertainty rather than established chronology.