1 Cent - Wilhelmina

The Netherlands East Indies administration continued striking bronze cents through the late colonial period, but the 1942–1945 dates present an immediate problem: the Japanese occupation of the archipelago began in early 1942, and the colonial mint infrastructure in Batavia fell with it. Coins bearing those later dates were struck in the United States — at Philadelphia — under emergency arrangements, as the Dutch government-in-exile worked to maintain at least nominal monetary continuity for the colony it no longer physically controlled.

Philadelphia-struck pieces lack a mint mark, which has caused persistent misattribution in general circulation collections.