1 Cash Uncertain Sogdian mint, Chach or Ferghana

The Sogdian city-states of the Transoxiana region maintained localized coinage traditions well into the 8th century, even as the Umayyad conquest reshaped the political order around them. Attribution of these small bronzes remains genuinely contested — Chach (modern Tashkent) and Ferghana both operated mints with overlapping iconographic conventions, making firm assignment to either center difficult without provenance or hoard context.

The square central hole reflects Chinese cash influence filtering westward along the Silk Road, a practical borrowing rather than a political statement.