1 Cash Taiping Tianguo / Shengbao, vertical

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom controlled a substantial portion of southern and central China for over a decade, administering its own civil government, calendar, and coinage from the captured city of Nanjing. This cash was struck during the most stable period of Taiping rule, before the combined pressure of Qing imperial forces and the Ever-Victorious Army — Western-officered mercenary troops — began dismantling the rebellion's territorial grip after 1860.

The vertical reverse format distinguishes this from the horizontal Shengbao arrangement, a detail that matters for attribution. An estimated 20 to 30 million people died in the broader Taiping conflict, one of the deadliest civil wars in recorded history.