1 Cash - Ramchitak Uncertain Sogdian mint, Eastern Sogdiana

Sogdian square-holed cash imitations emerged from the network of merchant communities that dominated Central Asian trade between the Sasanian and Tang Chinese spheres — traders who adopted the Chinese cash format not from political submission but commercial pragmatism. Eastern Sogdiana in particular produced a chaotic proliferation of local mint output during the seventh century, as the region fragmented under pressure from the Arab conquests advancing from the west and Türk successor khanates pressing from the north. Smirnova's classification of this type acknowledges the attribution problem directly: the issuing mint remains unresolved.