1/2 Karshappana

Issuer	City of Bhagila (Narmada Valley)
Year	400 BC - 100 BC
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Value	1/2 Karshapana
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Obverse description	Central device depicting a hooded cobra in profile, flanked by two railed trees rendered in a stylized archaic manner. A river motif appears below the primary devices, representing the Narmada Valley geographic context. An inverted Brahmi legend reading 'bhagilaya' (denoting the city of Bhagila) is inscribed within the field. The overall design is primitively executed in the punch-marked tradition, with devices distributed across the irregular square flan. The coin exhibits heavy patination consistent with its antiquity and copper alloy composition.
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Obverse lettering	𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀮𑀬
Reverse description	Uniface; the reverse is entirely blank with no devices, symbols, or inscriptions struck upon the plain copper flan. The surface displays the characteristic rough texture of the hammered blank, with natural oxidation and encrustation accumulated over centuries. This uniface character is typical of early Indian copper coinage from the Narmada Valley region.
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