1/2 Doppia - Ferdinando di Borbone

Ferdinando di Borbone ruled Parma from 1765 under heavy influence from his mother, Luisa Elisabetta of France, and later from the reforming minister Guillaume du Tillot, whom Ferdinando eventually expelled in 1771. The duchy's coinage under his reign reflects this transitional instability — early monetary policy pushed toward Enlightenment-era standardization, while later issues reverted to more conservative Bourbon practice. The long date range of this type suggests a prolonged production run across multiple dies rather than a single concentrated emission.