1/2 Barbuda - Fernando I Porto mint

Fernando I's reign was defined almost entirely by three ruinous wars against Castile, and the monetary chaos that followed each one. The barbuda series was introduced to address chronic silver shortages by dramatically debasing the coinage — the billon content here reflects fiscal desperation, not policy preference. Porto's mint operated semi-independently from Lisbon during this period, and coins struck there frequently exhibit subtle die differences from their southern counterparts.

Fernando died in 1383 without a male heir, triggering the succession crisis that ended his dynasty entirely.