Yarmaq - Mangu Timur Qrim mint

Mangu Timur, who ruled the Golden Horde from 1267 to 1280, was among the first khans of the ulus to strike coins in his own name rather than continuing the Mongol practice of issuing bullion-weight pieces under the authority of the Great Khan in Karakorum. This shift — coinciding almost exactly with Kublai Khan's consolidation of power and the fracturing of Mongol imperial unity — reflects the de facto independence the western ulus was asserting. The Qrim (Crimea) mint was one of the earliest and most active in the Horde's monetary system, positioned at the nexus of Black Sea trade routes that made silver coinage a genuine commercial necessity.