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X Réis - Pedro V Countermark 'Small Crown' over X reis, Portugal and Brazil
| Issuer | São Tomé and Príncipe |
|---|---|
| Year | 1854 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | IOANNES V D G PORT |
| Reverse description | Central device depicts an armillary sphere, the emblematic device of the Portuguese royal house, rendered with meridian and parallel bands surrounding a central globe, surmounted by a cross. A heart or decorative element appears at the base of the sphere. The surrounding circular Latin legend references the Portuguese royal titulature and territories, typical of Brazilian or Portuguese colonial copper issues of the 18th to early 19th centuries. The field shows the characteristic wear of a circulated host coin that subsequently received the 1854 countermark. The overall reverse design reflects standard Portuguese imperial imagery used across colonial copper coinage of this period. |
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| Additional information |
São Tomé and Príncipe suffered chronic coin shortages throughout the nineteenth century, and the colonial administration repeatedly resorted to countermarking existing circulating pieces rather than commissioning new strikes. This 1854 issue involves a small crown punch applied to Portuguese or Brazilian copper X réis, a practice that revalidated foreign copper for local circulation under Portuguese colonial authority. The host coins were already worn before the countermark was applied, which complicates accurate assessment of the underlying piece.