Unknown Æ

The Otrar oasis — centered on the ancient city of Keder, later known as Otrar — functioned as a semi-autonomous commercial node along the Sogdian trade network during the 8th century, issuing its own bronze coinage at a time when Arab monetary influence was pressing steadily into Transoxiana. These local issues circulated alongside Umayyad and early Abbasid dirhams without displacing them, filling small-denomination gaps the silver economy left unaddressed. Smirnova's cataloguing of this type drew heavily on excavation finds from the oasis site itself.