Tostão 'Dies from Cruzados' - Filipe II

Felipe II of Spain — Felipe I of Portugal — inherited the Portuguese throne in 1580 following the dynastic crisis triggered by Dom Sebastião's catastrophic defeat at Alcácer Quibir. The tostão issues of his Portuguese reign are a direct product of monetary conservatism: rather than retooling the Lisbon mint entirely, the Crown authorized the reuse of cruzado dies, adapting existing tooling to produce silver tostões. The practice was economical but created enough variation in die combinations to account for the three Gomes references assigned to this type.