Tetradrachm - Heraclitus In the name of Alexander III

Historical Context: This Tetradrachm, issued by Chios between 190 and 165 BC, represents a fascinating period of Hellenistic history. Though bearing the iconic portrait of Alexander III, it is a posthumous issue, minted long after his death. The specified timeframe follows the Roman victory over Antiochus III at Magnesia in 190 BC, which significantly diminished Seleucid influence and afforded greater autonomy to many Greek city-states, including the prominent Ionian island of Chios. The presence of the magistrate's name, Heraclitus, in monogram form, underscores Chios's assertion of independent governance and local identity, even while leveraging the universally recognized prestige of the Alexander type for its currency.

Artistry: The obverse features a compelling depiction of Alexander the Great, rendered in the idealized, yet powerful, Hellenistic style. He is typically shown with the horn of Ammon, signifying his deification. While the engraver remains anonymous, the artistry reflects the high standards of numismatic craft prevalent in the Eastern Mediterranean. The reverse showcases the distinctive Chian sphinx, seated, often accompanied by an amphora or grape bunch, serving as a clear civic emblem. The integration of the magistrate Heraclitus's monogram (HPAKΛHTOΣ) into the reverse design is a hallmark of Hellenistic civic coinage, linking the currency directly to local authority and tradition.

Technical/Grading: This substantial silver tetradrachm, weighing 14.96 grams and measuring 35 mm, reflects the robust economic standing of Chios. Key high-points for grading include the definition of Alexander's hair, facial features (especially the nose and chin), and the musculature on the obverse. On the reverse, the sphinx's head, chest, wings, and the details of the amphora and magistrate's monogram are critical. A premium example will exhibit a strong, centered strike, with full details on both sides, minimal die wear, and a well-formed, broad flan, characteristic of these significant Hellenistic issues.