Tetradrachm - Bivarsar Middle Period

Choresmia — the oasis kingdom centered on the lower Amu Darya — maintained a remarkably independent coinage tradition long after neighboring Sogdia and Bactria had absorbed heavy Hellenistic and later Kushano-Sasanian influences. The Middle Period issues classified by Vainberg represent a phase when the local dynastic style had stabilized into its own idiom, distinct from the Sasanian pressure bearing down from the southwest during the third and fourth centuries.

Vainberg's typology for Chorasmian coinage, published in her 1977 monograph, remains the foundational reference, though the chronological brackets she assigned continue to be debated as new excavation data emerges from the region.