Stater

Ephesos lost its status as a free city when Rome formalized control of the province of Asia in 133 BC, following the death of Attalos III of Pergamon, who bequeathed his kingdom — and effectively Ephesos with it — to Rome in his will. Gold coinage of this type belongs to the transitional decades when civic minting continued under Roman provincial oversight, a privilege not granted indefinitely. The city retained enough autonomy to produce gold, which was unusual; most Asian cities under Roman administration were restricted to bronze civic issues.

SNG Copenhagen 306 represents a well-documented die grouping for the series, though the precise emission chronology within the 133–88 BC window remains contested among specialists.