Sestertius - Commodus FEL PVBLICA P M TR P XII IMP VIII COS V P P S C, Felicitas

Historical Context: The Sestertius, dated 186-187 AD (TR P XII, COS V), places it within Commodus's increasingly autocratic and turbulent sole reign. Following the Marcomannic Wars, the empire faced internal strife and Commodus's personal eccentricities grew. The reverse legend, FEL PVBLICA (Public Happiness/Fortune), with Felicitas holding a caduceus and cornucopia, served as potent propaganda. It projected an image of prosperity and stability, likely countering growing anxieties about the emperor's rule and the state. This large bronze denomination was crucial for imperial messaging.

Artistry: Stylistically, this Sestertius belongs to the later Antonine artistic tradition, transitioning towards the Severan period. Individual engravers are not identifiable, but the mint of Rome produced high-quality dies. Commodus's obverse portrait typically features a mature, bearded emperor, with a more individualized physiognomy than Marcus Aurelius, though not yet his later Hercules iconography. The reverse depicts Felicitas with standard classical attributes, executed with naturalism in drapery and form characteristic of imperial mint output, aiming for clarity and recognizability.

Technical/Grading: For optimal grading, key high-points on the obverse include the intricate curls of Commodus's hair, the sharpness of his ear and eye, and the subtle contours of his facial features. On the reverse, critical areas are the definition of Felicitas's face, the folds of her drapery, and the distinctness of her attributes: the caduceus and cornucopia. A strong, well-centered strike on a full flan, ensuring complete legends and devices, is paramount. Absence of significant planchet flaws, corrosion, or excessive wear on high-relief areas contributes to a superior grade.