Scudo d'Oro - Frederick II Gonzaga

Frederick II received the title of Duke of Mantua in 1530 directly from Charles V at Bologna — the same ceremony at which Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Clement VII, the last imperial coronation conducted by a pope on Italian soil. The elevation from Marquis to Duke was a reward for Frederick's political maneuvering during the Italian Wars, and the scudo d'oro issues of this decade reflect the Gonzaga court's deliberate effort to project sovereign parity with larger Italian powers.

The MIR LOM 446 attribution places this among a small cluster of Mantuan gold issues for which die survival is poorly documented.