Qirsh - Mahmud II

Mahmud II's Egyptian qirsh issues of this period were struck under the de facto rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha, who had consolidated control of Egypt following the 1811 massacre of the Mamluk leadership at Cairo Citadel. The coins nominally acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty while the actual monetary and administrative apparatus was entirely Ali's. That political ambiguity is baked into the coinage itself.

KM#181 is known with multiple regnal year varieties corresponding to Mahmud II's accession count, and attribution without a visible year can be genuinely difficult.