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Pul - Khizr Saray al-Jadida mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1360-1361 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
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| Currency | Dinar (1227-1502) |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Hammered copper flan bearing a three-line Arabic legend in the central field, arranged in horizontal registers and separated by plain line dividers. The inscription reads 'al-Sultan al-Adil / Khidr Khan / khallada mulkahu' (The Just Sultan / Khidr Khan / may his reign be eternal), rendered in a bold, slightly angular Naskh hand characteristic of mid-14th-century Golden Horde coinage. The flan is irregular in outline and shows characteristic die-struck relief with natural surface porosity. No border ornament is present, the legend filling the available field to the coin's edges. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse script | Arabic |
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| Additional information |
Khizr Khan's reign lasted less than two years before he was murdered by his own son Timur-Khwaja in 1361, making issues from his brief rule scarce by simple arithmetic. The Khizr Saray al-Jadida mint — "New Saray" — had been established as the primary urban center of the lower Volga following the destruction of Old Saraj, and copper puls from this facility represent the everyday transactional currency of a khanate already fracturing under what historians call the Great Troubles, the dynastic civil wars that would eventually destroy the Golden Horde entirely.