Pul / Follis - Anonymous

Historical Context: This anonymous copper Pul, issued by the City of Caffa between 1375 and 1434, represents a crucial period for the Genoese Black Sea colony. As a vital entrepôt, Caffa was a nexus of trade, necessitating its own small change for daily commerce. The coin's anonymous nature underscores its civic function, serving the practical needs of a bustling port city rather than promoting a specific ruler. Its issuance reflects Caffa's economic autonomy amidst the geopolitical shifts of the late Golden Horde era.

Artistry: The design of this Pul, characteristic of anonymous civic issues from Caffa, prioritizes functionality over elaborate artistic expression. While no specific engraver is known, the stylistic school reflects a blend of Genoese practicality and local influences, common in Black Sea coinage. Designs typically feature simple yet recognizable motifs, such as a stylized lion or civic emblems, often accompanied by basic inscriptions. The execution, while not refined, was effective for mass production of low-denomination currency.

Technical/Grading: Struck on a copper planchet weighing 1.4 grams, this Pul exhibits typical technical qualities for its period and denomination. High-points susceptible to wear usually include the central device or any raised inscription. The strike quality is often variable, characterized by irregular flans, potential off-centering, and inconsistent die pressure, common for mass-produced copper coinage. Collectors should anticipate varying clarity in legends and motifs, reflecting the practical minting standards of Caffa.