Pul 'Bird-head tamga' - Muhammad al-Jadida mint

The Muhammad al-Jadida mint was one of several Crimean-region facilities active during the disintegration of central Horde authority in the 1360s and 70s — a period scholars sometimes call the "Great Troubles," when the western steppe saw over two dozen khans claim the throne in roughly twenty years. Local copper coinage like this pul often continued issuing under workshop momentum even as political control above the mint changed hands repeatedly, which is why attribution by khan rather than mint is frequently impossible for this type.

The bird-head tamga serves as the primary classification anchor in Sheldi's typology precisely because dynastic inscriptions on copper from this period are often too weak or abbreviated to distinguish between claimants.