The półtorak — literally "one-and-a-half" groszy — was introduced under Sigismund III in 1614 as a pragmatic response to the chronic shortage of small silver denominations flooding the Commonwealth from foreign debased imitations, particularly the notorious Swedish-occupied Riga issues that had been undermining Polish monetary policy for years. Bydgoszcz became one of the primary mints driving volume production of this denomination through the 1620s.
The multiple Kop references here indicate documented die varieties, not condition variants — this type generated considerable die proliferation across its run at Bydgoszcz.
The półtorak — literally "one-and-a-half" groszy — was introduced under Sigismund III in 1614 as a pragmatic response to the chronic shortage of small silver denominations flooding the Commonwealth from foreign debased imitations, particularly the notorious Swedish-occupied Riga issues that had been undermining Polish monetary policy for years. Bydgoszcz became one of the primary mints driving volume production of this denomination through the 1620s.
The multiple Kop references here indicate documented die varieties, not condition variants — this type generated considerable die proliferation across its run at Bydgoszcz.