Pfennig Undetermined Friesach marks, Peilenstein

Friesacher Pfennige were struck by a rotating cast of ecclesiastical and secular lords across the broader Friesach network, making precise attribution notoriously difficult — the Peilenstein issues are among the least documented in the series. The type circulated extensively across the eastern Alpine trade routes and deep into the Balkans, where Friesach pennies became the dominant mercantile currency of the region through much of the thirteenth century, accepted far beyond any single issuer's political reach.

The CNA Cq15 designation reflects continued scholarly uncertainty; dies were shared, copied, and imitated so freely across mints that individual attribution often rests on minute stylistic differences rather than any explicit mint signature.