Pfennig Carniola and borderland coinage

Carniola in the early thirteenth century was a march territory under persistent jurisdictional pressure — contested between the Dukes of Carinthia, the Patriarchate of Aquileia, and Babenberg interests. These pfennigs belong to the Krainer Pfennig tradition, thin bracteate-style or near-bracteate regional issues whose types shifted frequently with changes in feudal authority. The CNA Cr5 reference places this squarely in the coinage of Bernhard of Spanheim's duchy, before Carniola was formally separated as a distinct march under its own administration in 1246.