Pfennig - Berthold IV Stein in Oberkrain

Berthold IV of Andechs held the March of Istria-Carniola during a period of sustained Andechs dynastic expansion across the eastern Alpine and Adriatic regions. His minting activity at Stein — known today as Kamnik in Slovenia — reflects the broader decentralization of coinage rights in the Holy Roman Empire under Friedrich Barbarossa and his successors, when regional lords increasingly exercised monetary privileges as practical instruments of territorial control. The Stein mint was among the more active in the region during this window.