Penny - Æthelred II 1st Small Cross type

Historical Context: This Penny of Æthelred II, struck between 978 and 979, marks the tumultuous beginning of his long reign. Æthelred ascended the throne following the brutal assassination of his half-brother, Edward the Martyr, an event that cast a shadow over his early rule. The 'Small Cross' type represents the very first coinage issue under Æthelred, a crucial recoinage establishing his authority amidst a period of political instability and the looming threat of renewed Viking incursions that would define much of his time on the throne.

Artistry: The coin's design adheres to established Anglo-Saxon numismatic tradition, likely executed by skilled but anonymous die-engravers within the royal mint system. The obverse typically features a draped bust of Æthelred II, often facing right, rendered in a stylized yet recognizable manner characteristic of the period. The reverse presents a simple but potent symbol: a small cross pattée, often encircled by the legend detailing the mint and moneyer, reflecting the strong Christian identity of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy.

Technical/Grading: Struck in silver to a standard weight of approximately 1.56 grams, this type often exhibits variable strike quality, typical of early medieval minting. High-points to assess include the king's brow, nose, and chin on the obverse, and the center of the cross on the reverse. Collectors should look for a well-centered strike, though slight off-centering is common. The legends, often prone to weakness at the periphery, are also critical for assessing overall preservation and readability.