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Penning - Bernold Groningen
| Issuer | Bishopric of Utrecht |
|---|---|
| Year | 1027-1054 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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|---|---|
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| Reverse lettering | + GRONIGGEA + |
| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
Bernold served as Bishop of Utrecht from 1027 until his death in 1054, a tenure during which the bishopric functioned as a key instrument of Salian imperial policy in the northern Low Countries. Henry III relied heavily on bishop-princes like Bernold to anchor imperial authority in regions where direct royal presence was thin. The Groningen mint itself operated under episcopal control as a right granted by the crown, making these small deniers a direct expression of that delegated power.